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Protista Poster

Beauveria bassiana Brochure

Beauveria bassiana Poster

Periodisasi Sastra Indonesia

Ciri-ciri ...

1. Angkatan ’20

   - bertema kawin paksa (menonjolkan adat)
   - masih terpengaruh Bahasa Melayu
   - roman yang pertama terbit, “Azab dan Sengsara” karya Merari Siregan
   - roman yang terkenal berjudul “Siti Nurbaya” karya Marah Rusli
   - angkatan ’20 disebut juga Angkatan Siti Nurbaya
   - 3 pengarang penting:  - Merari Siregar
                                         - Marah Rusli
                                         - Sutan Iskandar

2. Angkatan ’30

   - karya sastra bertema lebih luas, misalnya emansipasi wanita, moral manusia, dsb.
   - roman yang terkenal adalah “Layar Terkembang” karya Sutan Takdir Alisjahbana
   - roman yang sempat dilarang terbit berjudul “Belenggu” karya Armin Pane
   - 3 pengarang penting:  - Sutan Takdir Alisjahbana
                                         - Armin Pane
                                         - Amir Hamzah

3. Angkatan ‘45

   - puisi berteme revolusi kemerdekaan
   - tokoh puisi: Chairil Anwar (puisi terkenalnya berjudul “Aku”)
   - tokoh prosa: Idrus
   - karya-karya sastra lainnya disemangati oleh perjuangan kemerdekaan
   - 3 pengarang penting:  - Chairil Anwar
                                         - Achdiat Kartamiharja
                                         - Idrus

Hydrocarbons Quiz

1. Write down the IUPAC name of the following alkane and show the main chain and the ordering number!

     CH₃ – CH – CH – CH₂ – CH₂ – CH₂
                |      |
              CH₃   CH₂

                        |

                       CH₃

2. Write down the IUPAC name of the following alkene and show the main chain and the ordering number!

     CH₃ – C = C – CH₃
              |    |
             CH₃ C₂H₅

3. Write down the IUPAC name of the following alkyne and show the main chain and the ordering number!

     CH₃ – CH₂ – C ≡ C – CH – CH₂ – CH₃
                                            |
                                          CH₃

4. Write down the structural formula of the following hydrocarbon compound:

     3-ethyl-2,4-dimethylheptane

5. Which of the following isomers are chain isomers and position isomers?

     a. CH₃ – CH₂ – CH₂ – CH₂ – CH₂ – CH₂ – CH₃

     b.          CH₃
                    |

           CH₃ – C – CH₂ – CH₂ – CH₃

                    |

                   CH₃

     c. CH₃ – CH – CH₂ – CH – CH
                    |               |

                   CH₃          CH₃

     Chain isomer: ...
      Position isomer: ...

6. Which of the following isomers have geometric isomerism?

     a. CH₂ = CH – CH₂ – CH₃

     b. CH3 – CH = CH – CH2 – CH3

7. Complete the following hydrocarbon reactions:

     a.         H
                 |

           H – C – H   +   I₂
                 |

                 H

     b.   H    H
            |    |

            C = C   +   Br₂

            |    |

            H   H

Solutions:

1.  CH₃ – CH – CH – CH₂ – CH₂ – CH₂
                |      |
              CH₃   CH₂

                        |

                       CH₃
naming starts from the left (1-2-3-4-5-6 :: hexane)
you have 2-methyl, and 3-ethyl
∴ 3-ethyl-2-methylhexane (e comes before m)

2.     CH₃ – C = C – CH₃
                 |     |
                CH₃ CH₂
                        |
                       CH₃
break down C₂H₅ into CH₂ and CH₃
naming starts from the left CH₃ - C = C, then down to CH₂ - CH₃ to make it the longest chain (2-pentene). *2 -> double bond   *ene -> alkene
you have 2-methyl and 3-methyl which becomes 2,3-dimethyl.
∴ 2,3-dimethyl-2-pentene.

3. CH₃ – CH₂ – C ≡ C – CH – CH₂ – CH₃
                                           |
                                         CH₃
naming starts from the left
∴ 5-methyl-3-heptyne

4. CH₃ – CH – CH – CH – CH₂ – CH₂ – CH₃
               |     |      |
            CH₃  CH₂ CH₃
                      |
                     CH₃
(naming starts from the left)
For those of you who are still confused on how to write the chains, I start by writing a line of C's as long as main chain is (in this case, heptane = 7). Then I add the branches: ethyl to number 3, and methyl to numbers 2 and 4.

5. Chain isomer: a and b, a and c
     Position isomer: b and c

6. b

7. a.              H

                     |

           H – I – C – I – H
                     |

                     H

   b.          H   H

                 |   |

          Br – C – C – Br

                 |   |

                 H   H

Electrolytes and Non-electrolytes Quiz

1. KCl is placed inside a container filled with 1 L of water.

   a. For ever 1 mol of the substance, how is the proportion of the number of particles in the container?

   b. Determine the degree of dissociation (α) of the substance!

   c. Is the solution considered a strong, weak, or non-electrolyte?

2. a. Based on the gain or the loss of oxygen, where do oxidation and reduction take place in the following reaction?

      Zn   +   PbO   ->   ZnO   +   Pb

   b. The oxidizing agent is ...

   c. The reducing agent is ...

3. a. Based on the gain or the loss of hydrogen, where do oxidation and reduction take place in the following reaction?

      H₂S   +   Br₂   ->   2 HBr   +    S

   b. The oxidizing agent is ...

   c. The reducing agent is ...

4. a. Based on the gain or the loss of electrons, where do oxidation and reduction take place in the following redox reactions?

      Cl_2(aq)   +   2 Br^-_(aq)   ->   2 Cl^-_(aq)   +   Br_2(aq)

   b. Write the ionic half equation of the oxidation!

   c. Write the ionic half equation of the reduction!

5. Write down the oxidation states of the elements in the following compounts!

   a. H₃PO₄

   b. ClF₃

   c. MgH₂

   d. CaO₂

   e. NaIO₃

6. a. Based on the changes in oxidation state, where do oxidation and reduction take place in the following reactions:

      2 KClO_3(aq)   +   3 S_(s)   ->   2 KCl_(aq)   +   3 SO_2(g)

   b. The oxidizing agent is ...

   c. The reducing agent it ...

   d. The oxidation result is ...

   e. The reduction result is ....


Solutions:
1. c. α = 1 so it's a strong electrolyte

2. oxidation is from Zn to ZnO, reduction is from PbO to Pb.
   oxidizing agent: PbO
   reducing agent: Zn
   tip: the one where oxidation starts from is the reducing agent

3. oxidation is from H₂S to S, reduction is from Br₂ 2 HBr.
   oxidizing agent: Br₂
   reudcing agent: H₂S

4. oxidation is from 2 Br^- to Br₂, reduction is from Cl₂ to 2 Cl^-
   ionic half equation for oxidation:  2 Br^- -> Br₂ + 2e^-
   ionic half equation for reduction: Cl₂ + 2e^- -> 2 Cl^-

5. a. +1 +5 -2
   b. +3 -1
   c. +2 -1
   d. +2 -1
   e. +1 +5 -2

6. oxidation is from 3 S to 3 SO₂, reduction is from 2 KClO₃ to 2 KCl
   oxidizing agent: KClO₃
   reducting agent: S
   oxidation result: SO₂
   reduction result: KCl